But I would agree that patriotism is about country, and nationalism is about ethnic identity* (usually largely linguistic). Those “nations” which occupied the corpse of the Western Roman Empire had a fair degree of self-creation involved (ethnogenesis, as the scholars call it).

*American patriotism I understand: American nationalism which purports to celebrate some ur-ethnic identity seems to me to miss the point of the US; which is an ideocratic state, never an ethnic one. You’re American if you think yourself American–and lots of folk choose to do just that and have for centuries.

I don’t really group Islamism in with either Bolshevism or fascism. It appears to be as the result of Sunni Islam’s lack of religious hierarchy and a new violent Puritanism that tries to be as anti-western as possible. Noteworthy is Islam’s lack of attacks on right wing groups and structures here. modernism is a pretty effective human bullet shield due to its dominance over the culture. We never see ‘right wing bigot killed by Al Qaeda’. they have other axes to grind.

So, I would argue that the jihadis are very much the Islamic equivalent of the Nazis and the Fascists–modernising opponents of modernity, atavistic, looking back to a age of heroic warriors.

Of course, there were connections to Leninism–operational ones. Mussolini was a close student of Lenin and used his notion of total politics for a different political project. If Lenin was Marx + Robespierre, Mussolini was Mazzini + Robespierre, Hitler was Houston Stewart Chamberlain + Robespierre. So, they were operational Bolsheviks if not in aim.

If the Radical Enlightenment project of Bolshevism collapses, then the Counter Enlightenment can well be more attractive in its romantic extremism.

Hey, Lenin… we’re baaaaaaack